治理绩效域 9 个过程
输入 Inputs
- Business documents: Business case, Benefits management plan
- Agreements
- Enterprise environmental factors
- Organizational process assets
工具与技术 Tools & Techniques
- Expert judgment
- Data gathering: Brainstorming, Focus groups, Interviews
- Interpersonal and team skills: Conflict management, Facilitation, Meeting management
- Meetings
- Responsibility assignment matrix
- Project canvas
输出 Outputs
- Project charter
- Assumption log
输入 Inputs
- Project charter
- Outputs from other processes
- Enterprise environmental factors
- Organizational process assets
工具与技术 Tools & Techniques
- Expert judgment
- Data gathering: Brainstorming, Checklists, Focus groups, Interviews
- Interpersonal and team skills: Conflict management, Facilitation, Meeting management
- Meetings
- Project canvas
输入 Inputs
- Project charter
- Project management plan: Scope, Quality, Schedule, Financial, Resource management plans, Scope baseline
- Project documents: Milestone list, Requirements documentation, Requirements traceability matrix, Quality metrics, Resource requirements, Project team assignments, Risk register, Stakeholder register
- Enterprise environmental factors
- Organizational process assets
工具与技术 Tools & Techniques
- Expert judgment
- Market research
- Make-or-buy analysis
- Source selection analysis
- Document analysis
输出 Outputs
- Sourcing strategy plan：Insourcing or outsourcing decisions：Source selection criteria
输入 Inputs
- Project management plan: Any component
- Project documents: Change log, Lessons learned register, Milestone list, Project communications, Project schedule, Requirements traceability matrix, Risk register, Risk report
- Approved change requests
- Enterprise environmental factors
- Organizational process assets
工具与技术 Tools & Techniques
- Expert judgment
- Project management information system
- Meetings: Daily coordination meetings
输出 Outputs
- Deliverables
- Work performance data
- Issue log
- Change requests
- Project management plan updates: Any component
- Project document updates: Activity list, Assumption log, Lessons learned register, Requirements documentation, Risk register, Stakeholder register
- Organizational process asset updates
输入 Inputs
- Project management plan
- Project documents: All components
- Organizational process assets: Policies, Procedures, Regulations
工具与技术 Tools & Techniques
- Audits
- Checklists
- Data representation: Affinity diagrams, Cause-and-effect diagrams, Flowcharts
- Decision-making
- Problem-solving
- Process improvement
输出 Outputs
- Quality reports
- Change requests
- Project management plan updates
- Project document updates
输入 Inputs
- Project management plan: All components
- Project documents: Lessons learned register, Project team assignments, Resource breakdown structure, Stakeholder register
- Deliverables
- Enterprise environmental factors
- Organizational process assets
工具与技术 Tools & Techniques
- Expert judgment
- Knowledge management
- Information management
- After-action reviews
- In-progress postmortems
- Storytelling
- Retrospective meetings
- Interpersonal and team skills: Active listening, Facilitation, Leadership, Networking, Political awareness
输出 Outputs
- Lessons learned register
- Project management plan updates: Any component
- Organizational process asset updates
输入 Inputs
- Project management plan: Any component
- Project documents: Assumption log, Basis of estimates, Cost forecasts, Issue log, Lessons learned register, Milestone list, Quality reports, Risk register, Risk report, Schedule forecasts
- Work performance information
- Agreements
- Enterprise environmental factors
- Organizational process assets
工具与技术 Tools & Techniques
- Expert judgment
- Data analysis: Alternative analysis, Cost-benefit analysis, Earned value analysis, Root cause analysis, Trend analysis, Variance analysis
- Decision-making: Voting
- Meetings
- Project dashboards
- Visual controls
- Information radiators
输出 Outputs
- Work performance reports
- Change requests
- Project management plan updates: Any component
- Project document updates: Cost forecasts, Issue log, Lessons learned register, Risk register, Schedule forecasts
输入 Inputs
- Project management plan: Change management plan, Configuration management plan, Scope baseline, Schedule baseline, Cost baseline
- Project documents: Basis of estimates, Change log, Requirements traceability matrix, Risk report
- Work performance reports
- Change requests
- Enterprise environmental factors
- Organizational process assets
工具与技术 Tools & Techniques
- Expert judgment
- Change control tools
- Data analysis: Alternative analysis, Cost-benefit analysis
- Decision-making: Voting, Autocratic decision-making, Multicriteria decision analysis
- Meetings
- Integrated change control
- Backlog management
输出 Outputs
- Approved change requests
- Project management plan updates: Any component
- Project document updates: Change log
输入 Inputs
- Project charter
- Project management plan: All components
- Project documents: Assumption log, Basis of estimates, Change log, Issue log, Lessons learned register, Milestone list, Project communications, Quality control measurements, Quality reports, Requirements documentation, Risk register, Risk report
- Accepted deliverables
- Business documents: Business case, Benefits management plan
- Agreements
- Procurement documentation
- Organizational process assets
工具与技术 Tools & Techniques
- Expert judgment
- Data analysis: Document analysis, Regression analysis, Trend analysis, Variance analysis
- Meetings
输出 Outputs
- Project document updates: Lessons learned register
- Final product, service, or result transition
- Final report
- Organizational process asset updates
- Tailoring Tip — Governance: Governance ITTOs scale with project complexity. Adaptive projects replace formal gate reviews with sprint reviews and retrospectives. The Project Charter may become a lighter-weight project brief. Integrated change control in adaptive environments is managed through backlog prioritization rather than a formal Change Control Board. — ProjInsights, projinsights.com
- Domain 2: Scope
- Performance Domain
- (Including Quality)
- The Scope domain ensures the project encompasses all — and only — the work required to deliver the project’s objectives. Quality management is integrated within this domain in the Eighth Edition. Scope carries a unique and central place in project management because the project’s value derives from the outcome delivered in alignment with its scope. In adaptive projects, scope is managed through a continuously refined product backlog rather than a fixed scope statement.
- Processes in this domain
- : Plan Scope Management · Elicit and Analyze Requirements · Define Scope · Develop Scope Structure · Monitor and Control Scope · Validate Scope
范围绩效域 6 个过程
输入 Inputs
- Project charter
- Project management plan
- Project documents: Requirements documentation, Risk register, Stakeholder register
- Enterprise environmental factors
- Organizational process assets
工具与技术 Tools & Techniques
- Expert judgment
- Data gathering: Interviews, Focus groups, Questionnaires and surveys
- Data analysis
- Test and inspection planning
输出 Outputs
- Project management plan updates: Scope management plan, Requirements management plan
输入 Inputs
- Project charter
- Agreements
- Business case
- Project documents: Assumption log, Lessons learned register, Stakeholder register
- Project management plan: Requirements management plan, Scope management plan
- Enterprise environmental factors
- Organizational process assets
工具与技术 Tools & Techniques
- Expert judgment
- Decision-making
- Data gathering: Benchmarking, Brainstorming, Focus groups, Interviews, Questionnaires and surveys
- Data analysis: Document analysis
- Data representation
- Interpersonal and team skills: Nominal group technique
- Design thinking
- Prioritization/ranking
- Meetings
输出 Outputs
- Requirements documentation
输入 Inputs
- Project charter
- Assumption log
- Project management plan
- Requirements documentation
- Enterprise environmental factors
- Organizational process assets
工具与技术 Tools & Techniques
- Expert judgment
- Decision-making
- Data analysis
- Decomposition
- Interpersonal and team skills: Facilitation
- Product analysis
输出 Outputs
- Project documents: Project scope statement, Requirements documentation
输入 Inputs
- Project management plan
- Project documents: Project scope statement, Requirements documentation
- Approved changes
- Enterprise environmental factors
- Organizational process assets
工具与技术 Tools & Techniques
- Expert judgment
- Brainstorming
- Decomposition
输出 Outputs
- Scope baseline
- Work breakdown structure (WBS)
- WBS dictionary
- User stories
- Product backlog
输入 Inputs
- Project management plan: Scope management plan, Quality management plan
- Project documents: Requirements documentation, Scope baseline, Quality reports, Work performance data, Quality control measurements
- Verified deliverables
- Enterprise environmental factors
- Organizational process assets
工具与技术 Tools & Techniques
- Data analysis: Variance analysis, Trend analysis, Root cause analysis
输出 Outputs
- Quality reports
- Verified deliverables
- Change requests
- Quality control measurements
- Work performance information
输入 Inputs
- Project documents: Requirements documentation, Scope baseline, Quality reports, Work performance data, Quality control measurements
- Verified deliverables
- Enterprise environmental factors
- Organizational process assets
工具与技术 Tools & Techniques
- Data gathering
- Data analysis
- Inspection
- Decision-making
- Customer talks and tests
- Process analysis
- Review meetings
输出 Outputs
- Accepted deliverables
- Change requests
- Project document updates: Quality reports, Work performance information, Requirements documentation, Lessons learned updates
- Tailoring Tip — Scope: In adaptive projects, scope is never truly fixed. Replace the WBS with a prioritized product backlog. Replace formal Validate Scope sign-offs with sprint reviews and product demos. The Requirements Traceability Matrix may be replaced by acceptance criteria attached directly to user stories. — ProjInsights, projinsights.com
- Domain 3: Schedule Performance Domain
- The Schedule domain provides the plan for how and when the project will deliver the scope. The schedule serves as a tool for communication, stakeholder expectation management, and performance reporting. The Eighth Edition emphasizes progressive elaboration of schedules, especially in fast-moving environments. Schedules are living documents — maintaining a realistic schedule requires continuous review and adjustment throughout the project.
- Processes in this domain:
- Plan Schedule Management · Develop Schedule · Monitor and Control Schedule
进度绩效域 3 个过程
输入 Inputs
- Project charter
- Project management plan: Scope management plan
- Development approach
- Enterprise environmental factors
- Organizational process assets
工具与技术 Tools & Techniques
- Expert judgment
- Data analysis: Alternative analysis
- Meetings
输出 Outputs
- Project management plan updates: Schedule management plan
输入 Inputs
- Project charter
- Project management plan: Scope management plan
- Development approach
- Project documents: Activity attributes, Activity list, Assumption log, Basis of estimates, Duration estimates, Lessons learned register, Milestone list, Project schedule network diagrams, Project team assignments, Resource calendars, Resource requirements, Risk register
- Agreements
- Enterprise environmental factors
- Organizational process assets
工具与技术 Tools & Techniques
- Expert judgment
- Decomposition
- Rolling wave planning
- Precedence diagramming method
- Logical relationship
- Leads and lags
- Dependency determination and integration
- Estimation techniques
- Reserve analysis
- Data analysis: What-if analysis, Simulation, Alternative analysis
- Voting
- Schedule network analysis
- Schedule compression
- Critical path method
- Critical chain method
- Resource optimization: Resource leveling
- Project management information system
- Agile release planning
输出 Outputs
- Schedule baseline
- Project schedule
- Schedule data
- Project calendars
- Change requests
- Project management plan updates: Schedule management plan
- Project document updates: Activity list, Activity attributes, Assumption log, Basis of estimates, Duration estimates, Lessons learned register, Milestone list, Project schedule network diagrams, Resource requirements, Risk register
输入 Inputs
- Project management plan: Schedule management plan, Scope baseline, Performance measurement baseline
- Product backlog
- Project documents: Lessons learned register, Project calendars, Project schedule baseline, Resource calendars, Risk register, Schedule data
- Work performance data
- Enterprise environmental factors
- Organizational process assets
工具与技术 Tools & Techniques
- Data analysis: Earned value analysis, Burnup/burndown chart, Performance reviews, Trend analysis, Variance analysis, What-if scenario analysis
- Critical path method
- Critical chain method
- Project management information system
- Resource optimization
- Leads and lags
- Schedule compression
- Branch and bound
- Velocity
- Daily coordination meetings
- Sprint reviews
- Backlog refinement
输出 Outputs
- Work performance information
- Schedule forecasts
- Change requests
- Project management plan updates: Schedule management plan, Schedule baseline, Cost baseline, Performance measurement baseline
- Project document updates: Assumption log, Basis of estimates, Lessons learned register, Project schedule, Resource calendars, Risk register, Schedule data
- Tailoring Tip — Schedule: In adaptive projects, the Gantt chart is replaced by sprint boards, release roadmaps, and burndown charts. Velocity replaces EVM for schedule tracking. Rolling wave planning is the norm rather than the exception. For hybrid projects, use predictive scheduling for the overall milestone framework and adaptive planning within individual workstreams. — ProjInsights, projinsights.com
- Domain 4: Finance Performance Domain
- The Finance domain addresses the planning, estimating, budgeting, and control of project costs. Financial performance relates to costs, funding, and, in some cases, the value proposition of the project. The Eighth Edition frames financial management through the lens of value — financial data is most useful not when collected, but when used to drive informed decisions. Earned Value Management (EVM) remains a central technique for measuring integrated cost and schedule performance.
- Processes in this domain:
- Plan Financial Management · Estimate Costs · Develop Budget · Monitor and Control Finances
财务绩效域 4 个过程
输入 Inputs
- Project charter
- Project management plan: Schedule management plan, Risk management plan
- Project documents
- Enterprise environmental factors
- Organizational process assets
工具与技术 Tools & Techniques
- Expert judgment
- Data analysis: Alternative analysis
- Meetings
输出 Outputs
- Financial management plan
- Funding strategy
输入 Inputs
- Project management plan: Quality management plan, Scope baseline
- Project documents: Lessons learned register, Project schedule, Resource requirements, Risk register
- Make-or-buy decisions
- Work package estimation
- Enterprise environmental factors
- Organizational process assets
工具与技术 Tools & Techniques
- Expert judgment
- Analogous estimating
- Parametric estimating
- Bottom-up estimating
- Multipoint estimating
- Data analysis: Alternative analysis, Reserve analysis, Cost of quality
- Project management information system
- Decision-making: Voting
输出 Outputs
- Cost estimates
- Basis of estimates
- Project document updates: Assumption log, Lessons learned register, Risk register
输入 Inputs
- Project management plan: Financial management plan, Resource management plan, Scope baseline
- Project documents: Basis of estimates, Cost estimates, Project schedule, Risk register
- Business documents: Business case, Benefits management plan
- Agreements
- Enterprise environmental factors
- Organizational process assets
工具与技术 Tools & Techniques
- Expert judgment
- Cost aggregation
- Data analysis: Reserve analysis
- Historical information review
- Funding limit reconciliation
- Financing
输出 Outputs
- Cost baseline
- Project funding requirements
- Project document updates: Cost estimates, Project schedule, Risk register
输入 Inputs
- Project management plan: Financial management plan, Cost baseline, Performance measurement baseline
- Project documents: Lessons learned register, Project funding requirements
- Work performance data
- Organizational process assets
工具与技术 Tools & Techniques
- Expert judgment
- Data analysis: Earned value analysis, Trend analysis, Reserve analysis
- To-complete performance index (TCPI)
- Project management information system
输出 Outputs
- Work performance information
- Revenue and cost forecasts
- Change requests
- Funding proposals
- Project management plan updates: Financial management plan, Cost baseline, Performance measurement baseline
- Project document updates: Assumption log, Basis of estimates, Cost estimates, Lessons learned register, Risk register
- Tailoring Tip — Finance: In adaptive projects, budgeting is often done on a quarterly or per-iteration basis rather than as a fixed upfront baseline. EVM can still be applied — use story points as the unit of earned value. Contingency reserves remain essential in all approaches. For regulated industries, additional financial controls such as SOX compliance and audit trails must be built into the financial management plan. — ProjInsights, projinsights.com
- Domain 5: Stakeholders Performance Domain
- The Stakeholders domain addresses processes and tools related to stakeholder engagement, from identification through monitoring across the entire project life cycle. This domain is closely linked to communications management. Key skills include negotiation, conflict management, active listening, and cultural awareness. Stakeholder engagement is one of the most critical — and most underinvested — determinants of project success.
- Processes in this domain:
- Identify Stakeholders · Plan Stakeholder Engagement · Plan Communications Management · Manage Stakeholder Engagement · Manage Communications · Monitor Stakeholder Engagement · Monitor Communications
利益相关方绩效域 7 个过程
输入 Inputs
- Project charter
- Business documents: Business case, Benefits management plan
- Project management plan: Communications management plan, Stakeholder engagement plan
- Project documents: Change log, Issue log, Requirements documentation
- Agreements
- Enterprise environmental factors
- Organizational process assets
工具与技术 Tools & Techniques
- Expert judgment
- Data gathering: Questionnaires and surveys, Brainstorming
- Data analysis: Stakeholder analysis, Document analysis
- Data representation: Stakeholder mapping/representation
- Meetings
输出 Outputs
- Stakeholder register
- Change requests
- Project management plan updates: Requirements management plan, Communications management plan, Risk management plan, Stakeholder engagement plan
- Project document updates: Assumption log, Issue log, Risk register
输入 Inputs
- Project charter
- Project management plan: Resource management plan, Communications management plan, Risk management plan
- Project documents: Assumption log, Change log, Issue log, Project schedule, Risk register, Stakeholder register
- Agreements
- Enterprise environmental factors
- Organizational process assets
工具与技术 Tools & Techniques
- Expert judgment
- Data gathering: Benchmarking
- Data analysis: Assumption and constraint analysis, Root cause analysis
- Decision-making: Prioritization/ranking
- Data representation: Mind mapping, Stakeholder engagement assessment matrix
- Meetings
输出 Outputs
- Project management plan updates: Stakeholder engagement plan
输入 Inputs
- Project charter
- Project management plan: Resource management plan, Stakeholder engagement plan
- Project documents: Requirements documentation, Stakeholder register
- Enterprise environmental factors
- Organizational process assets
工具与技术 Tools & Techniques
- Expert judgment
- Communication requirements analysis
- Communication technology
- Communication models
- Communication methods
- Interpersonal and team skills: Communication styles assessment, Political awareness, Cultural awareness
- Data representation: Stakeholder engagement assessment matrix
- Meetings
输出 Outputs
- Project management plan updates: Communications management plan, Stakeholder engagement plan
- Project document updates: Project schedule, Stakeholder register
输入 Inputs
- Project management plan: Communications management plan, Risk management plan, Stakeholder engagement plan, Change management plan
- Project documents: Change log, Issue log, Lessons learned register, Stakeholder register, Risk register, Status report, Project schedule
- Enterprise environmental factors
- Organizational process assets
工具与技术 Tools & Techniques
- Expert judgment
- Communication skills: Feedback
- Interpersonal and team skills: Conflict management, Cultural awareness, Negotiation, Observation/conversation, Political awareness
- Ground rules
- Meetings
输出 Outputs
- Change requests
- Project management plan updates: Communications management plan, Stakeholder engagement plan
- Project document updates: Change log, Issue log, Lessons learned register, Stakeholder register
输入 Inputs
- Project management plan: Resource management plan, Communications management plan, Stakeholder engagement plan
- Project documents: Change log, Issue log, Lessons learned register, Quality report, Risk report, Stakeholder register
- Work performance reports
- Enterprise environmental factors
- Organizational process assets
工具与技术 Tools & Techniques
- Communication technology
- Communication methods
- Communication skills: Communication competence, Feedback, Nonverbal communication, Presentations
- Project management information system
- Project reporting
- Interpersonal and team skills: Active listening, Conflict management, Cultural awareness, Meeting management, Networking, Political awareness
- Meetings
输出 Outputs
- Project communications
- Project management plan updates: Communications management plan, Stakeholder engagement plan
- Project document updates: Issue log, Lessons learned register, Project schedule, Risk register, Stakeholder register
- Organizational process asset updates
输入 Inputs
- Project management plan: Resource management plan, Communications management plan, Stakeholder engagement plan
- Project documents: Issue log, Lessons learned register, Stakeholder engagement assessment, Project communications, Risk register, Stakeholder register
- Work performance data
- Enterprise environmental factors
- Organizational process assets
工具与技术 Tools & Techniques
- Data analysis: Alternative analysis, Root cause analysis, Stakeholder analysis
- Decision-making: Multicriteria decision analysis, Voting
- Data representation: Stakeholder engagement assessment matrix
- Communication skills: Feedback, Presentations
- Interpersonal and team skills: Active listening, Cultural awareness, Leadership, Networking, Political awareness
- Meetings
输出 Outputs
- Work performance information
- Change requests
- Project management plan updates: Resource management plan, Communications management plan, Stakeholder engagement plan
- Project document updates: Issue log, Lessons learned register, Risk register, Stakeholder register
输入 Inputs
- Project management plan: Resource management plan, Communications management plan, Stakeholder engagement plan
- Project documents: Issue log, Lessons learned register, Project communications
- Work performance data
- Enterprise environmental factors
- Organizational process assets
工具与技术 Tools & Techniques
- Expert judgment
- Project management information system
- Data representation: Stakeholder engagement assessment matrix
- Interpersonal and team skills: Observation/conversation
- Meetings
输出 Outputs
- Work performance information
- Change requests
- Project management plan updates: Communications management plan, Stakeholder engagement plan
- Project document updates: Issue log, Lessons learned register, Stakeholder register
- Tailoring Tip — Stakeholders: In agile projects, formal communication plans are often replaced by ceremonies: daily stand-ups, sprint reviews, and retrospectives. Information radiators such as dashboards and kanban boards replace formal status reports. For large or global projects, multilingual communication strategies and asynchronous tools must be explicitly planned. — ProjInsights, projinsights.com
- Domain 6: Resources Performance Domain
- The Resources domain covers how effectively and efficiently the project team plans, acquires, develops, and manages both human resources and physical or virtual resources. The Eighth Edition gives elevated attention to team dynamics, psychological safety, and leadership — recognizing that people are not interchangeable resources. Key models include Tuckman’s Team Stages, Maslow’s Hierarchy, Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory, and McGregor’s Theory X/Y.
- Processes in this domain:
- Plan Resource Management · Estimate Resources · Acquire Resources · Lead the Team · Monitor and Control Resourcing
资源绩效域 5 个过程
输入 Inputs
- Project charter
- Project management plan: Quality management plan, Scope baseline
- Project documents: Project schedule, Requirements documentation, Risk register, Stakeholder register
- Enterprise environmental factors
- Organizational process assets
工具与技术 Tools & Techniques
- Expert judgment
- Data gathering: Interviews
- Data analysis: SWOT analysis
- Data representation: Hierarchical charts, Responsibility assignment matrix, Text-oriented formats
- Organizational theory
- Meetings
- Green human resource management
- Resource-based view
输出 Outputs
- Project management plan updates: Resource management plan
- Team charter
- Project document updates: Assumption log, Risk register
输入 Inputs
- Project management plan: Resource management plan, Schedule management plan, Scope baseline
- Project documents: Activity attributes, Activity list, Assumption log, Cost estimates, Resource calendars, Risk register
- Project schedule
- Enterprise environmental factors
- Organizational process assets
工具与技术 Tools & Techniques
- Expert judgment
- Bottom-up estimating
- Analogous estimating
- Parametric estimating
- Data analysis: Alternative analysis
- Project management information system
- Meetings
- Data gathering: Interviews
- Artificial intelligence
- Predictive analytics
- Virtual reality
- Augmented reality
- Branch and bound
- Genetic algorithms
- Constructive cost model
输出 Outputs
- Resource requirements
- Basis of estimates
- Resource breakdown structure
- Project document updates: Activity attributes, Assumption log, Lessons learned register, Risk register
6.3
获取资源
Acquire Resources 输入 Inputs
- Project management plan: Resource management plan, Procurement management plan, Cost baseline
- Project documents: Project schedule, Resource calendars, Resource requirements, Stakeholder register
- Enterprise environmental factors
- Organizational process assets
工具与技术 Tools & Techniques
- Decision-making: Multicriteria decision analysis
- Interpersonal and team skills: Negotiation, Problem-solving
- Preassignment
- Virtual teams
输出 Outputs
- Physical or virtual resource assignments
- Project team assignments
- Resource calendars
- Change requests
- Project management plan updates: Resource management plan, Cost baseline
- Project document updates: Lessons learned register, Project schedule, Resource breakdown structure, Resource requirements, Risk register, Stakeholder register
- Enterprise environmental factor updates
- Organizational process asset updates
输入 Inputs
- Project management plan: Resource management plan
- Project documents: Issue log, Lessons learned register, Project schedule, Resource calendars, Team charter, Work performance reports, Project team assignments
- Team performance assessments
- Enterprise environmental factors
- Organizational process assets
工具与技术 Tools & Techniques
- Colocation
- Virtual teams
- Communication technology
- Interpersonal and team skills: Conflict management, Influencing, Motivation, Negotiation, Team building, Decision-making, Critical thinking, Coaching and mentoring, Training
- Problem-solving: Six Thinking Hats®
- Team performance assessments
- Retrospectives
- Recognition and rewards
- Individual and team assessments
- Data analysis: SWOT analysis
- Meetings
- Emotional intelligence
- Organizational cultural intelligence
- Leadership: Distributed management and leadership, Centralized management and leadership, Servant leadership
- Tuckman ladder
- Project management information system
- Virtual collaboration tools
输出 Outputs
- Team performance assessments
- Change requests
- Project management plan updates: Resource management plan, Schedule baseline, Cost baseline
- Project document updates: Issue log, Lessons learned register, Project schedule, Resource calendars, Team charter, Project team assignments
- Enterprise environmental factor updates
- Organizational process asset updates
输入 Inputs
- Project management plan: Resource management plan
- Project documents: Issue log, Lessons learned register, Physical or virtual resource assignments, Project schedule, Resource breakdown structure, Risk register
- Work performance data
- Agreements
- Organizational process assets
工具与技术 Tools & Techniques
- Data analysis: Alternative analysis, Cost-benefit analysis, Performance reviews, Trend analysis
- Problem-solving
- Interpersonal and team skills: Negotiation, Influencing
- Project management information system
- Value stream mapping
- Continuous improvement
- Theory of constraints
- Control charts
- Branch and bound
输出 Outputs
- Work performance information
- Change requests
- Project management plan updates: Resource management plan, Schedule baseline, Cost baseline
- Project document updates: Assumption log, Issue log, Lessons learned register, Physical resource assignments, Resource breakdown structure, Risk register
- Tailoring Tip — Resources: In adaptive projects, self-organizing teams replace the traditional command-and-control resource model. The Resource Management Plan may be a lightweight team charter. For virtual or distributed teams, invest in collaboration tools, structured communication protocols, and deliberate relationship-building. Retrospectives replace formal performance reviews as the primary team development mechanism. — ProjInsights, projinsights.com
- Domain 7: Risk Performance Domain
- The Risk domain represents a comprehensive approach to creating project resilience. Risk includes both threats (negative risks) and opportunities (positive risks). The Eighth Edition classifies risks as known-known, known-unknown, unknown-known, and unknown-unknown. Risk management is proactive and continuous — not a plan-once activity. The domain advocates for adaptive response mechanisms in addition to planned responses.
- Processes in this domain:
- Plan Risk Management · Identify Risks · Perform Risk Analysis · Plan Risk Responses · Implement Risk Responses · Monitor Risks
风险绩效域 6 个过程
输入 Inputs
- Project charter
- Project management plan: All components
- Project documents: Stakeholder register
- Enterprise environmental factors
- Organizational process assets
工具与技术 Tools & Techniques
- Expert judgment
- Data gathering: Interviews
- Data analysis: Stakeholder analysis
- Meetings
输出 Outputs
- Project management plan updates: Risk management plan
输入 Inputs
- Project management plan: Requirements management plan, Schedule management plan, Financial management plan, Quality management plan, Resource management plan, Risk management plan, Scope baseline, Schedule baseline, Cost baseline
- Project documents: Assumption log, Cost estimates, Duration estimates, Issue log, Lessons learned register, Requirements documentation, Resource requirements, Stakeholder register
- Agreements
- Enterprise environmental factors
- Organizational process assets
工具与技术 Tools & Techniques
- Expert judgment
- Data gathering: Brainstorming, Checklists, Interviews
- Data analysis: Root cause analysis, Assumption and constraint analysis, SWOT analysis, Document analysis
- Interpersonal and team skills: Facilitation
- Prompt lists
- Meetings
- Artificial intelligence
输出 Outputs
- Risk register
- Risk report
- Project document updates: Assumption log, Issue log, Lessons learned register
输入 Inputs
- Project management plan: Risk management plan, Scope baseline, Schedule baseline, Cost baseline
- Project documents: Assumption log, Cost estimates, Duration estimates, Resource requirements, Risk register, Stakeholder register
- Enterprise environmental factors
- Organizational process assets
工具与技术 Tools & Techniques
- Expert judgment
- Data gathering and analysis: Interviews
- Interpersonal and team skills: Facilitation
- Risk categorization
- Data analysis: Risk probability and impact assessment, Simulations, Sensitivity analysis, Decision tree analysis, Influence diagrams
- Data representation: Probability and impact matrix
输出 Outputs
- Project document updates: Assumption log, Issue log, Risk register, Risk report
输入 Inputs
- Project management plan: Resource management plan, Risk management plan, Cost baseline
- Project documents: Lessons learned register, Quality management plan, Project schedule, Resource management plan, Project team assignments, Resource calendars, Risk register, Risk report, Scope baseline, Schedule baseline, Cost baseline, Stakeholder register
- Enterprise environmental factors
- Organizational process assets
工具与技术 Tools & Techniques
- Expert judgment
- Data gathering: Interviews
- Interpersonal and team skills: Facilitation
- Strategies for threats: Avoid, Transfer, Mitigate, Accept
- Strategies for opportunities: Exploit, Share, Enhance, Accept
- Contingent response strategies
- Strategies for overall project risk
- Data analysis: Alternative analysis, Cost-benefit analysis
- Decision-making: Multicriteria decision analysis
输出 Outputs
- Change requests
- Project management plan updates: Schedule management plan, Financial management plan, Risk management plan, Procurement management plan, Scope baseline, Schedule baseline, Cost baseline
- Project document updates: Assumption log, Cost forecasts, Lessons learned register, Project schedule, Project team assignments, Risk register, Risk report
输入 Inputs
- Project management plan: Risk management plan
- Project documents: Lessons learned register, Risk register, Risk report
- Organizational process assets
工具与技术 Tools & Techniques
- Expert judgment
- Interpersonal and team skills: Influencing
- Project management information system
输出 Outputs
- Change requests
- Project document updates: Issue log, Lessons learned register, Project team assignments, Risk register, Risk report
输入 Inputs
- Project management plan: Risk management plan
- Project documents: Issue log, Lessons learned register, Risk register, Risk report
- Work performance data
- Work performance reports
工具与技术 Tools & Techniques
- Data analysis: Technical performance analysis, Reserve analysis
- Audits
- Meetings
输出 Outputs
- Work performance information
- Change requests
- Project management plan updates: Any component
- Project document updates: Assumption log, Issue log, Lessons learned register, Risk register, Risk report
- Organizational process asset updates
- Tailoring Tip — Risk: In adaptive projects, risk management is embedded in sprint planning, daily stand-ups, and retrospectives rather than as formal standalone processes. Risk-adjusted backlogs allow teams to prioritize work that reduces uncertainty early. Risk reviews are conducted at the beginning of each iteration. For smaller projects, combine risk identification and qualitative analysis into a single workshop session. — ProjInsights, projinsights.com
- Cross-Reference: Tools & Techniques Appearing Across Multiple Domains
- The following tools and techniques appear across multiple performance domains and processes in the PMBOK® 8th Edition. Understanding these cross-cutting tools is critical for PMP exam candidates and helps practicing project managers see how interconnected the performance domains truly are.
- How to Apply ITTOs in Real Projects — Beyond the Exam
- Use Inputs as a Readiness Checklist
- Before starting any process, review its inputs. If a required input is missing or immature, you are not ready to run that process effectively. For example, before running Perform Risk Analysis, confirm your Risk Register, Cost Estimates, Duration Estimates, and Stakeholder Register are all populated. Missing inputs lead to incomplete analysis and poor decisions downstream.
- Use Outputs as Deliverable Checklists
- At the end of each process, confirm all outputs have been produced. Use the ITTO tables in this guide as acceptance criteria for your process execution. If Monitor and Control Project Performance has not produced Work Performance Reports and updated the Risk Register, the process is incomplete regardless of how many meetings were held.
- Use Tools & Techniques to Build Your Toolbox
- Not all tools listed for a process are required on every project. Select tools based on project complexity, team capability, and organizational standards. A small agile team does not need formal quantitative risk analysis. A complex infrastructure programme with hundreds of stakeholders absolutely does. Tailor your tool selection deliberately and document your rationale.
- Trace Outputs to Subsequent Inputs
- One of the most powerful uses of ITTOs is tracing output-to-input chains across processes. For example: the Risk Register produced by Identify Risks becomes an input to Estimate Costs, Develop Schedule, Acquire Resources, and Plan Risk Responses. When a risk materializes, tracing these chains helps you identify every process and document that needs to be updated — before stakeholders ask.
- Use ITTOs for Root Cause Analysis
- When a project runs into trouble, work backwards through the ITTO chains. If quality is poor, trace back to Monitor and Control Scope (was scope validated?), Define Scope (were acceptance criteria clear?), and Elicit and Analyze Requirements (were requirements complete?). The ITTO framework is a diagnostic tool as much as a planning tool.
- Download the Full PMBOK® 8th Edition ITTO Reference Guide — Free
- Get the complete, professionally formatted ITTO reference guide as a print-ready document — all 27 processes across 7 domains, colour-coded tables, tailoring tips, and cross-reference index — Free from ProjInsights.
- PMBOK8_Complete_ITTO_Guide_projinsights.com
- Download
- Conclusion: Your Complete PMBOK® 8th Edition ITTO Reference
- This guide has documented the complete Inputs, Tools & Techniques, and Outputs for all 27 processes across the 7 Performance Domains of the PMBOK® Guide — Eighth Edition. The ITTO framework remains one of the most practical and enduring tools in project management — not because it prescribes what you must do, but because it defines what effective process execution looks like.
- As the Eighth Edition reminds us: the processes are not mandates. They are options. Tailor them. Adapt them. Combine them. The 12 Project Management Principles guide how — and when — each process should be applied. An experienced project manager does not mechanically execute every ITTO table; they use these frameworks as the intellectual scaffolding for building an approach that serves the project, the team, and the organization.
- ITTOs are practical checklists — use Inputs as readiness checks before starting a process and Outputs as completion criteria when finishing one
- Expert judgment and meetings appear in virtually every process — they are the most universal tools in the entire guide
- The Risk Register is the most cross-referenced document in the guide — it appears as an input or output in processes across all 7 domains
- Change Requests are generated across nearly every monitoring and controlling process — managing them through formal change control is essential
- Tailoring applies to ITTOs too — not every input is mandatory and not every listed tool must be used on every project
- The Eighth Edition explicitly includes Artificial Intelligence as a tool in Schedule, Resources, and Risk processes — a first for any PMBOK® edition
- For more project management resources, in-depth guides, templates, and practitioner insights, visit projinsights.com — your go-to destination for modern project management knowledge, built for practitioners by practitioners.
- Related Article:
- PMBOK® Guide 8th Edition: The Complete Practitioner’s Guide for Project Managers
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数据来源：ITTO 整理自 projinsights.com《PMBOK Guide 8th Edition: Complete ITTOs for Every Process》，原书出处为 PMBOK® 指南第八版各过程图（如表 2-1、图 2-5 第 125 页）（https://www.projinsights.com/pmbok-guide-8th-edition-complete-ittos-all-processes，抓取于 2026-11-01）。
第八版把 ITTO 嵌入各绩效域的过程说明中，不同版本的图号与页序可能变化；若与原书存在差异，以 PMBOK® 指南第八版原书为准。
术语说明：治理域 1.3 英文为 Plan Sourcing Strategy（旧称 Plan Procurement Management），课件中文版译作「规划资源获取策略」，
指「自制或外购的寻源决策」，与资源域的 6.3 Acquire Resources（获取资源）不是同一个过程。